Don’t miss out on tax planning opportunities. Planning for the year ahead will benefit your business – this guide covers some important considerations for unincorporated businesses.
Unincorporated businesses
Tax is payable by an unincorporated business at income tax rates from 20 to 50 per cent. In addition there is a liability to class 4 national insurance contributions which is charged or levied at a rate of 9 per cent on taxable profits from £7,605 to £42,475 and thereafter at a rate of 2 per cent without limit.
The family business
You can employ family members in your business, provided the salary and other benefits you pay them are commercially justifiable. You can remunerate family members with a salary, and perhaps also with benefits – such as a company car. Other options include medical insurance or making payments into a registered pension scheme.
You can also take family members into partnership, thereby gaining more flexibility in profit allocation. In fact, taking your children into partnership and gradually reducing your own involvement can be a very tax efficient way of passing on the family business. Be aware, though, that taking family into your business may put the family wealth and income at risk if, for example, the business were to fail. HM Revenue & Customs may challenge excessive remuneration packages or profit shares for family members, so seek our advice before you make any decisions.
If you operate your business through a limited company, under current tax law you can pass shares on to other family members and thus gradually transfer the business with no immediate tax liability in most cases. However, a tax saving for the donor usually impacts on the recipient and you need to steer clear of the anti-avoidance rules known as the settlements legislation, so again, seek our advice first.
Expenses
HMRC has extensive and ever-changing regulations on what expenses can and cannot be claimed against tax. Naturally, you will want to make sure your business is claiming all available expenses.
Professional guidance can ensure your business is making the right claims, and at the right time: incurring expenditure just before the end of the accounting year means you can claim any available tax relief a year earlier. For 2012/13 and subsequent years, the first £25,000 of most capital expenditure qualifies for a 100 per cent allowance. You may also want to consider investing in energy efficient or environmentally beneficial plant and equipment which attracts 100 per cent allowances, irrespective of cost.
Working from home
The number of people working from home has soared. According to a report by Enterprise Nation, almost half of this country’s SMEs are based at a residential address, and 60 per cent of new businesses start out of a home office. Frustratingly, the complex tax rules governing this situation mean few are receiving the full benefit. Yet if you arrange your business affairs in a clear and demonstrable way, you could claim a number of expenses – depending on usage, area and working time, you can claim an apportionment of both fixed and running costs.
Utility bills, mortgage interest (or rent), water rates and general repairs may all be eligible, as are telephone line rental and cleaning. HMRC officers are now instructed to ‘accept a claim on any reasonable basis.’ Naturally, any such claim should be diligently prepared. If you are working from home and qualify, please talk to us. You will also need to consider whether your business use of home breaches planning restrictions, and whether business rates may be due on the property.
Rewards and benefits
There are ways of rewarding staff that can be tax efficient for both your business and your employees. For example, providing childcare vouchers of up to £55 per week to staff as part of their salary package is tax free and attracts no national insurance contributions, saving both your business and your employees money. This relief is restricted to £28 a week for new participants paying 40 per cent tax, and to £22 for new participants paying 50 per cent tax.
Do also consider whether some staff might be provided with a company car. Low emission models can attract 100 per cent allowances when the business purchases them brand new, and can produce a very low taxable benefit in kind for the staff concerned. Do ask us for more details of how to implement these ideas, or for alternative suggestions.
Tax penalties
Penalties for inaccuracies in tax returns, late filing of returns, late payment of tax and failing to register for certain taxes are all being modernised. Individuals and business owners now face up to 100 per cent penalty for deliberately underpaying tax and taking steps to conceal this, and even higher penalties if the matter relates to non UK income or assets. Even an honest mistake may be regarded as ‘careless’ and attract a penalty of up to 30 per cent of the tax.
HMRC also has wide ranging legal powers, including rights of entry to all business premises (including home offices), whether announced or not, and they can also demand the production of documents by any person involved in the supply of goods and services.
Although businesses subject to compliance checks are selected on the basis of risk, it is essential that your records are adequate if you are going to satisfy a tax inspection; if you take reasonable care to comply with the law you will not be penalised. If you are unsure if your business records will stand up to scrutiny, or would like more advice on what ‘Take care to avoid a penalty’ means for you, do seek our advice. Employers should be aware that there is now a penalty for failure to pay PAYE tax by the deadline each month.
Tax and the limited company
If the limitation of liability is an important consideration, then a limited company may be the right solution – but do bear in mind that banks and other creditors often require personal guarantees from directors for company borrowings, so the owners or directors of the business may in fact bear the liabilities of the business out of their personal assets.
Trading through a limited company can be an effective way of sheltering profits as the rates of corporation tax on profits are generally lower than those applying to unincorporated businesses.
Although profits paid out in the form of salaries, bonuses, or dividends will normally be taxable at top rates (with quite punitive amount of national insurance contributions in addition), profits retained in the company will be taxed at 20 per cent. The tax rate increases significantly when taxable profits exceed £300,000. Retained profits can be used to buy equipment or to provide for pensions – both of which are eligible for tax relief.
Areas where we can help
- Managing debt and cash flow
- Planning your business start-up
- Your options for finance
- Finding investors
- Putting you in touch with patent and intellectual property law specialists
- Helping you to comply with government regulations and avoid fines, surcharges, penalties and interest
- Timing capital and revenue expenditure to maximum tax advantage
- Improving your invoicing and debt recovery systems
- Involving family members in the business
- Protecting your business from financial disaster
- Selling your business and grooming your business for sale,
- Valuing your business
- Minimising employer and employee NIC costs
- Minimising tax costs, enabling you to keep more of the profit you earn
- Preparing yourself and your business for your exit, succession or retirement